A recent study revealed that the composition of Thoroughbred foals’ gut microbial community during their initial months of life can forecast the risk of certain diseases up to the age of 3 years. The study, published in 

, also found that the bacterial community structure of these young racehorses was also a predictor of their future athletic abilities.

“For the first time, this study demonstrates a relationship between early-life gut bacterial communities and subsequent athletic performance that has implications for athletes of all species including humans,” wrote the authors of the study.

In the study, titled ‘Early-life bacterial community structure predicts risk and athletic performance in horses bred for racing,’ researchers from the United Kingdom conducted a longitudinal study of 52 Thoroughbred foals bred for racing. They analyzed the early-life fecal bacterial community structure of these foals at 9 times throughout their first year of life using rRNA gene sequencing from 438 samples. Moreover, each foal's respiratory, gastrointestinal, orthopedic, and soft-tissue health events were monitored from birth until 3 years old. Furthermore, these horses participated in regulated horse races up to 3 years of age, and performance data was collected for every race during this timeframe.

The data showed that foals with lower fecal bacterial diversity at 28, 90, and 365 days of age had a significantly higher risk of developing respiratory disease later in life in addition to soft-tissue and orthopedic-related diseases.

 Specifically, respiratory disease was largely and positively associated with a greater relative abundance of fecal 

. Soft-tissue injury or disease were positively associated with the relative abundance of fecal 

 at 14 days old. Gastrointestinal illness and disease were linked to a relative abundance of fecal 

In terms of athletic performance, the study found significant positive correlations between fecal microbial diversity at 28 days old and official ratings, average prize money earnings, and average race placings of these foals.

“It is unclear why gut microbial communities at 28 days old are so influential on future respiratory health and athletic performance,” wrote study’s authors.

“Environmental changes around this time include increasing exposure to pasture (with associated grass and soil microbiota) and an increasing tendance for foals to eat their mother’s diet in addition to suckling. Immunologically, a foal’s passive immunity is waning during the first weeks of life,” they continued.

The study also investigated the impact of exposing foals to antibiotics in their first month of life, with findings revealing antimicrobial treatment has a detrimental impact on horses. The study showed that foals who received antimicrobial treatment during their first month of life had significantly lower fecal bacterial diversity at 28 days old and a significantly higher risk of respiratory disease later in life.

 These participants also had a major decrease in average prize money earnings, which was an indicator of athletic performance.

“Our study is the first to demonstrate the impact of early-life gut microbiota. Our findings introduce a new and important concept to the emerging science of sportomics,” the authors stated in the study.

Leng J, Moller-Levet C, Mansergh RI, et al. Early-life gut bacterial community structure predicts disease risk and athletic performance in horses bred for Racing. 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64657-6

Microbiome diversity predicts risk of disease in young racehorses. News release. American Veterinary Medical Association. August 14, 2024. Accessed August 19, 2024. 

https://www.avma.org/news/microbiome-diversity-predicts-risk-disease-young-racehorses?utm_source=delivra&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=todays-headlines-news

Articles

A new study showed that the gut microbiome of young racehorses is related to their risk of developing respiratory, orthopedic, and soft tissue diseases in their future years.

Can the gut microbiota of foals impact their health later in life?

Dogs offer up their hearts to their humans, along with their germs. Many canine maladies, whether bacterial, viral, or parasitic, can jump from dog to person. When we think about zoonotic risk, some animal villains may come to mind: The cat, whose single swipe might sicken its human victim with the 

 organisms that cause cat scratch fever; the lizard, who may leave diarrhea-inducing 

 on human hands; and any wild mammal whose bite could make one rabid. However, the “whodunit” label rarely goes to man’s best friend: the dog.

As canines have melded their lives with ours since their domestication began thousands of years ago, so have their pathogens. According to Colin Basler, deputy director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) One Health, dogs are behind the spread of several illnesses in their human companions. 

Today, dogs still hold rank in our lives. More than 65 million US households include a dog, according to the American Pet Products Association’s 2024 report.

 The sheer numbers have created a zoonotic bonanza, where dogs and humans trade germs. 

“The diarrheal ones are the major zoonotic diseases with dogs,” Stephen Cole, VMD, MS, DACVM, assistant professor of clinical microbiology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine in Philadelphia, said in an interview. 

Campylobacteriosis is a major cause of human bacterial diarrhea worldwide. These spiral, gram-negative bacteria can be acquired through ingestion of contaminated meat and dairy products and by fecal-oral transmission from infected animals. Colonization rates are highest in puppies, particularly kennel stock.

 The past decade has seen several outbreaks of multidrug-resistant 

 infections in people who reported contact with puppies sold in pet stores.

Dogs are also a reservoir for human infection with 

spp, which can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Infected dogs and people can shed the bacteria for 6 weeks or more, during which the clinical picture can include fever, vomiting, and diarrhea, or it can be devoid of any signs of illness. People also have been sickened by direct contact with dry dog food and treats—particularly pig ears—contaminated with 

Leptospirosis is a rare but debilitating sickness caused by a spirochete found in livestock, pets, and wildlife. Infection in dogs, which can be asymptomatic, typically causes anorexia, vomiting, polyuria/polydipsia, lethargy, fever, and icterus; death follows approximately 10% of the time.

 through direct contact with urine or tissue of an infected animal, or exposure to contaminated water or soil. Mucus membranes and broken skin provide entry points for these motile organisms. Human leptospirosis is life-threatening in approximately 1 in 10 patients

 and can lead to hepatic and renal dysfunction. Annual canine leptospirosis vaccines protect both dogs and their owners by extension. 

Dogs (mainly intact) are the primary host for the zoonotic coccobacillus 

 which can be clinically silent or manifest with symptoms such as uveitis, orchitis, and spontaneous abortions. Human brucellosis is generally a mild, flulike syndrome that is mostly linked to other 

 species spread through unpasteurized dairy products.

 Cole explained that human cases associated with 

 are mostly in farmers and kennel workers who are exposed to canine body fluids. 

 is a gramnegative bacterium normally found in the oropharyngeal tract of dogs and cats. Transmitted to people mainly through bites, the bacteria can cause severe septicemia, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

, another gramnegative bacterium, resides in the upper respiratory tracts of many mammals and travels to humans by aerosol. 

 is a major cause of acute tracheobronchitis in dogs,

 and, in rare cases, can cause similar sickness in people, particularly those who are immunocompromised.

Q fever is a febrile illness that may induce pneumonia and endocarditis in people. Most human infection is through aerosol or direct contact with body fluids from ruminants carrying the intracellular bacterium 

 has also been isolated in farm dogs, making them possible vectors to people.

There is some evidence that the family dog might serve as a reservoir for other bacteria that can cause problems in people. These include methicillin-resistant 

 which the CDC lists as an emerging concern, and uropathogenic 

 Dog bites can also deliver a polymicrobial brew that may include various species of 

When it comes to dog bites, the major concern is rabies. Globally, dog-mediated rabies is responsible for nearly 60,000 human deaths annually.

 In the US and other developed countries, where rabies vaccination is the norm for pets, humans mostly acquire the disease from wild mammals.

 Noroviruses are the most common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, and serological data suggest possible transmission from animals to people. In fact, antibodies against canine noroviruses have been found in humans and vice versa.

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, could have limited transmission potential between dogs and people. Benjamin Anderson, PhD, MPH, assistant professor in the Department of Environmental and Global Health at the University of Florida in Gainesville, said that although surveillance data are lacking, he considers the risk to be low. 

 is a roundworm endemic in puppies and many adult dogs throughout the US. The eggs are passed in dog feces and can remain viable in the environment for months to years. Transmission to people is through egg ingestion, usually from contaminated hands or fomites. Children, particularly those with a history of pica, are most prone to infection.

 Human toxocariasis, higher in rural and impoverished populations, is characterized by visceral and ocular larva migrans. 

 produces the creeping skin eruption cutaneous larva migrans. Hookworm is more prevalent in warm climates,

 where larvae can penetrate human skin after contact with areas contaminated with infected canine feces, such as beaches and sandboxes. 

 from dogs. The former is associated with fleas,

 and human patients can experience gastrointestinal symptoms. The latter occurs mainly in regions where sheep are raised.

 Human echinococcosis, clinically silent in most cases, features lodging of hydatid cysts within organs. 

 spp are ubiquitous within the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and many other animals.

 They are conveyed through oral contact with contaminated water, food, or fomites and cause gastrointestinal distress in people. 

, the mite behind sarcoptic mange in dogs, can vault to people who contact infected animals or exposed fomites.

 Puppies and debilitated dogs are at higher risk of infection, characterized by intense pruritus and papular dermatitis of the pinnae, face, limbs, and ventrolateral trunk. In humans, skin lesions are excoriated and itchy. 

Dermatophytosis, or ringworm, can spill over from dogs to their owners. 

 has been found in most cases of zoonotic transmission between dogs and people,

 and infection in both species can produce patchy, sometimes alopecic lesions that are crusty and pruritic. 

When it comes to zoonoses, the conversations focus on how animals sicken people, but disease also moves in the opposite direction. “Most people only think about disease transmission from pets to people, but it goes both ways,” Anderson said. 

Respiratory viruses can mutate fast and therefore jump species. Human subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated from dogs, suggesting that owners who are sick with this subtype can also sicken their dogs.

 Researchers have begun setting up surveillance programs in veterinary clinics to better track epidemiological data. 

But veterinarians might begin to harvest information now, Anderson added. “For the classical respiratory and enteric infections, it would be helpful to ask the client: ‘Is anyone in your home sick, and did it start before or after your dog became sick?’ ” 

The fight against pet-borne zoonoses starts in the veterinary office with thorough annual checkups and appropriate vaccination and parasite prevention, Cole explained. Handwashing between patients, isolation protocols, and personal protection equipment when needed are crucial to “not becoming fomites ourselves,” Cole said. “The best thing we can do to prevent zoonoses in people is to prevent disease in ou animals.” 

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Montgomery MP, Robertson S, Koski L, et al. Multidrug-resistent Campylobacter jejuni outbreak linked to puppy exposure—United States, 2016-2018. 

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Behravesh CB, Ferraro A, Deasy M III, et al. Human Salmonella infections linked to contaminated dry dog and cat food, 2006-2008. 

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Finley R, Reid-Smith R, Weese JS. Human health implications of Salmonella-contaminated natural pet treats and raw pet food. 

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Adin CA, Cowgill LD. Treatment and outcome of dogs with leptospirosis: 36 cases (1990-1998). 

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Calvopiña M, Vásconez E, Coral-Almeida M, Romero-Alvarez D, Garcia-Bereguiain MA, Orlando A. Leptospirosis: morbidity, mortality, and spatial distribution of hospitalized cases in Ecuador. a nationwide study 2000-2020. 

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Schultz BS, Kurz S, Weber K, Balzer HJ, Hartmann K. Detection of respiratory viruses and 

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Khairullah AR, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, et al. Pet animals as reservoirs for spreading methicillin-resistant 

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Mustapha M, Goel P. Isolation and prevalence of uropathogenic E. coli in different breed, sex and age of dogs. 

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Velasco-Villa A, Reeder SA, Orciari LA, et al. Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States. 

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By keeping dogs healthy and owners educated, veterinarians can block the spread of canine zoonoses to people

Veterinarian to Veterinarian®: Lovesick for dogs? Unfortunately, yes

Good afternoon and happy Monday dvm360 readers! We are THRILLED to be heading to the Jazz City August 23-25 for our next Fetch conference of the year, Fetch Kansas City. Throughout the conference the dvm360 team will be covering sessions, conducting interviews with faculty, and sharing the conference on social media. If you want to avoid the fear of missing out, you can still register. Check out the 

 to learn more, hotel information, and what other fun activities will be happening at the conference this weekend!

As we prepare to head to Kansas City, here is what else you can find this week on dvm360.com:

A recently published study in the August issue of the journal 

, documented the first case of rustrela virus in a wild mount lion located in Colorado, the first time the disease has been documented in North America.

The US Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service announced it will begin its annual distribution of an oral rabies vaccine bait, RABORAL VRG, in particular areas in the eastern United States as a way to help prevent the spread of raccoon rabies.

On this week’s episode of The Vet Blast Podcast presented by dvm360, our host Adam Christman, DVM, MBA, welcomes Andrew Ciccolin, DVM, medical director of National Mill Dog Rescue, to discuss his story.

Digitail announced that is has made upgrades to its native AI Assistant, Tails AI, such as supporting multiples languages for quick SOAP notes, exam summaries, and client communications.

All of our Fetch Kansas City coverage! You can read our recaps of lectures and watch interviews with faculty members throughout the conference, and then after! You can access all of our Fetch Kansas City coverage in the 

Sneak peek:  Fetch Kansas City kicks off this week, and other veterinary news 

Two big cats at the Cincinnati Zoo in Ohio were discovered to have dental issues that required root canals to save their teeth.

 An 8-year-old Malayan tiger named Zero and a 5-year-old cheetah named Barafu both needed root canals after undergoing physical examinations by Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden veterinarians.

The dental procedures were performed by Jamie Berning, DVM, DAVDC, a veterinary dental specialist at Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery of Ohio in Columbus. Barafu the cheetah required 2 extractions in addition to the root canal, and Zero the Malayan tiger needed root canals on 2 canine teeth.

“We noticed fractures and pulp exposure. In humans, you would do a root canal to repair this, and the procedure for large cats is similar,” Jessica Heinz, DVM, a Cincinnati Zoo veterinarian said in a news release.

 “We’ve worked with Dr Berning before and were thrilled that she agreed to help out Zero and Barafu.”

 evaluated dental and oral pathologies of big cats.

 Specifically looking at lions and tigers, the study was inspired by a notable increase in the occurrence of dental diseases in captive big cats over past decades. Researchers conducted oral examinations of 36 animals, 8 of the animals were specifically presented for oral examination, and the rest were examined while under anesthesia for unrelated, medically necessary, procedures.

Of the 28 cats that underwent routine oral examinations with no previously reported dental ailments, pathological changes that had not previously been noted were found in 19 of them. The study reported dentoalveolar trauma, like tooth fractures and abrasion, to be diagnosed most frequently, in 24 of the 36 cats. Investigators concluded that findings suggest a relationship between husbandry conditions and dental diseases in big cats, also stressing the importance of regular oral examinations.

“Dental health contributes greatly to longevity, and our hope is that these procedures will extend the lives of these animals and improve their quality of life,” Heinz said.

 “Both cats recovered quite well post-op and are back to their normal routines.”

Visitors can find Zero at the zoo, although Barafu resides at the zoo’s off-site breeding facility, contributing to the population of cheetahs, which are endangered. The worldwide cheetah population has dropped from 100,000 in 1900 to 7,000 today.

 Similarly, Malayan tigers are considered a critically endangered species, with reports that there are now less than 150 Malayan tigers in the wild.

Cincinnati Zoo Vets Get to the Root of Tiger and Cheetah Dental Problems. News release. Cincinnati Zoo. August 9, 2024. Accessed August 16, 2024. 

https://cincinnatizoo.org/cincinnati-zoo-vets-get-to-the-root-of-tiger-and-cheetah-dental-problems/

Kopp E, Stelzer P, Lendl C, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Fahrenkrug P. Evaluation of Dental and Oral Pathologies of 36 Captive Lions (

. 2023;40(4):314-328. doi:10.1177/08987564231159805

The Malayan Tiger Project. WWF. Accessed August 16, 2024. 

https://www.wwf.org.my/the_malayan_tiger_project/

Root canals were performed to save the teeth of a tiger and a cheetah at the Cincinnati Zoo 

Big cats require big dental procedures 

Dani Rabwin, DVM, explains how a mentee can identify and establish a relationship with a potential mentor

Finding a mentor in veterinary medicine

Dani E. Rabwin, DVM, founder of Ready, Vet, Go, recently presented a session on building mentee skills in veterinary practice, at the 2024 American Veterinary Medical Association Convention in Austin, Texas. in an interview with 

she explained how a mentee can identify a potential mentor and establish a that professional relationship. 

Rabwin will also be lecturing on mentorship at the Fetch dvm360 conference in Long Beach, California; December 6-8, 2024. For more details about Fetch Long Beach, and to register, visit 

The following is a transcript of the interview:

So, getting out of our comfort zone. If we are at a convention or we're hearing a talk from somebody that resonates with us, [it’s] asking that person if they're interested in providing some level of mentorship. We can look at some more traditional ways, by looking inside of our clinics. And I don't just mean looking at other associate veterinarians. I think we often forget the more experienced CSRs [customer service representatives] and technicians are amazing mentors to new veterinarians and just keeping your eyes open for somebody who seems like somebody that you would feel comfortable with, who provides an area of psychological safety so that you can be open and vulnerable. And then, we can really start to look at remote mentorship programs. This is something that's newer in our profession. This is something that we provide with Ready, Vet, Go. So, looking outside of the clinic and outside of some of the more traditional areas, to bring somebody on remotely to help with mentorship.

Videos

In a dvm360 interview, Dani E. Rabwin, DVM, explains how a mentee can identify and establish a relationship with a potential mentor

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is the most important orthopoxvirus for public health since smallpox was eradicated in 1980, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

 As of this week, The Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) has officially declared the ongoing outbreak of mpox a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS)—the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.

While mpox has been documented in other parts of the world and continues to be a rising global threat, humans and animals can be at risk. How can veterinary professionals protect themselves, clients and patients from infection?

Although zoonotic diseases can be transmitted between animals and humans, there is limited research about mpox and pets. According to the CDC, humans can potentially spread the disease to pets through close contact such as petting, hugging, sharing sleeping areas, and sharing food. However, since the global outbreak began in 2022, there have been no confirmations of pets or animals with the disease.

Pets with mpox can possibly present to the clinic with the following symptoms

pox-like skin sores (may initially resemble a pimple or blister first)

A client or staff member with a confirmed case of mpox should avoid all contact with animals including wildlife and companion animals, to avoid spreading the virus. Veterinary professionals can instruct infected clients to have a friend or family member in a separate home care for the at-risk animals until recovery.

Clients whose pets had close contact with someone confirmed with mpox 

have a new rash or 2 other symptoms should have their pet tested. If a pet appears sick 21 days after contact with a person probably or confirmed to be infected with mpox, instruct them to call their veterinary clinic. Veterinarians can then notify the state public veterinarian or state animal health official to help get high-risk pets tested. The pet should also be separated from other animals and people and have limited direct contact for at least 21 days, fully recovered, or the veterinary team clears them.

Because the disease is zoonotic, veterinary teams should consider any mammal susceptible to the disease. Veterinary professionals should follow CDC and WHO guidelines, as well as be on the lookout for symptoms associated with mpox such as cough, fever, conjunctivitis, respiratory signs, and lack of appetite. These symptoms are most likely present in clinics because of other illnesses, and milder cases of mpox have shown fewer symptoms.

Any animals coming to the clinic with suspected mpox should not be allowed in the waiting rooms of veterinary clinics. Veterinary teams should also limit treatment to a single exam room and limit the number of staff treating the potentially infected patient. This can prevent the disease from spreading to other people or animals in the clinic. Once a pet has left, the exam room should be cleaned and disinfected, along with any other areas in the clinic where the animal could have been. The CDC recommends that any veterinary professional who decides to treat animals with suspected mpox should use infection control precautions to protect themselves, teams, clients, and other animals and wear personal protective equipment.

Veterinary teams should also contact their local health department for guidelines on waste disposal, but in general, a dedicated trashcan should be used for all potentially contaminated waste, with the exception of animal waste. Any animal waste should be flushed down the toilet, if appropriate for the species and clinic plumbing system. Bedding should be put in puncture-resistant bags and disposed of as recommended by the local health department. No waste should be disposed of outside or in landfills because it could expose wild animals and pests such as mice or rats to the disease.

dvm360 and its sister publication, Contagion, will continue to report on mpox and provide important updates for veterinary professionals, clients, and patients in the future.

Mpox. World Health Organization. April 18, 2023. Accessed August 16, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox

Africa CDC Declares Mpox A Public Health Emergency of Continental Security, Mobilizing Resources Across the Continent. Africa CDC. August 13, 2024. August 14, 2024.

https://africacdc.org/news-item/africa-cdc-declares-mpox-a-public-health-emergency-of-continental-security-mobilizing-resources-across-the-continent

Information for veterinarians. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated June 12, 2024. Accessed August 16, 2024. 

https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/veterinarian/index.html#:~:text=Veterinarians%20who%20decide%20to%20treat,direct%20contact%20with%20infected%20animals

McCafferty C. Monkeypox: what veterinarians should know. DVM 360. Published June 2, 2022. Accessed August 16, 2024. 

https://www.dvm360.com/view/monkeypox-what-veterinarians-should-know

For Public Health Veterinarians and Animal Health Officials. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated June 10, 2024. Accessed August 16, 2024. 

https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/veterinarian/animal-officials.html

As this zoonotic disease becomes a global concern, what does this mean for veterinary professionals?