Note that many of this year’s industry events are being held in person or via a combination of live and virtual learning. Please visit individual event websites for details.

https://registration.dvm360.com/fetch-kansas-city-2025

https://www.vhma.org/education/conferences/annual-meeting-2025

International Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care Symposium (IVECCS)

American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA Con)

https://fvma.org/conferences/tgavc-coming-soon/

https://www.dvm360events.com/event/fetch-national-harbor/

Feline Veterinary Medical Association (FelineVMA) Annual Conference

https://catvets.com/2025-felinevma-annual-conference/

https://www.veterinarydentalforum.org/future-conferences

American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) Surgery Summit

Articles

Upcoming industry events and association meetings are listed. 

Veterinary conference calendar (August 2025)

A recent survey revealed that two-thirds of dogs consume heavy metals in their drinking water above levels set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The study, published August 6, 2025, in 

, analyzed well water samples from households across 10 US states not connected to municipal water systems.

For the study, 178 owners of dogs participating in the Dog Aging Project, a long-term study of canine health and aging, mailed samples of their dogs’ drinking water for testing and provided information about their dogs’ health and their home’s drinking water supply.

Researchers then tested for 28 different metals in these water samples and identified 126 instances when arsenic, lead, copper, sodium, strontium, nickel, or vanadium were above EPA’s maximum contaminant levels or health guidance levels. Approximately half of the 28 metals tested have established maximum contaminant levels or health guidance levels.

According to the study, 13 of the 126 instances tested above EPA-recommended levels for arsenic, lead, and copper. Detectable levels of all 28 metals tested were found in all 178 samples.

“Many households served by private wells are flying under the regulatory radar. Dogs living in these homes may be our first warning signs of environmental exposures in underserved rural areas,” the study’s authors wrote.

According to reports, approximately 15 million households in the country use private well water that is not regulated by the EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Act.

 This puts residents of these homes at an increased risk of ingesting heavy metals leaching into groundwater, which can cause health issues in the long run.

The metals with maximum contaminant levels from the 28 tested are known for causing chronic health issues in humans following long-term consumption.

 Additionally, the researchers found a potential link between titanium and chromium in drinking water and the development of health conditions in dogs.

The study also found a link between environmental factors and the presence of metals in these canines' drinking water. For example, water from homes near fracking sites contained higher levels of sodium and sulfur, whereas proximity to railroad tracks was associated with higher manganese levels. Moreover, dogs drinking water treated with reverse osmosis were less likely to experience nonchronic health conditions.

According to the researchers, a more in-depth study with a larger, stratified sample analyzing the composition of dogs’ drinking water may be needed to explore long-term health and wellness outcomes in dogs living in diverse geographies.

“These results may impact veterinary care decisions and husbandry, and underscore the validity and importance of utilizing dogs as sentinels of human health outcomes in the context of drinking water contamination,” the study authors wrote.

Researchers from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, the University of Washington, and the Dog Aging Project Consortium carried out the study, which was funded by the National Institute on Aging.

What’s in your pup’s bowl? heavy metals, reveals 10-state survey. News release. August 6, 2025. 

Sexton CL, O’Brien J, Lytle J, et al. Testing for heavy metals in drinking water collected from Dog Aging Project participants. 

. 2025;4(7):e0000296. doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000296

“Many households served by private wells are flying under the regulatory radar,” noted the researchers of the survey.

Study finds higher-than-recommended levels of heavy metals in dogs’ drinking water

 When clients pay at the front desk, the experience sometimes feels transactional. How can our client service team show value for fees at checkout?

 To avoid perceptions that it’s “all about the money,” your client service representatives (CSRs) must communicate value before asking for payment. Clients must perceive that the value of care equals or exceeds fees. Explain the services and products that were delivered and how they benefited the pet. Take this approach:

 You likely greeted the client 30 minutes ago at check-in, or you can glance at the schedule to learn the client and patient names. Let’s say a client with a golden retriever is approaching the desk at 10:30 AM, and you see there was a 10 AM wellness appointment for a golden retriever. Say, “Hello, [client name] and [pet name]. I will get you checked out for today’s services.”

Summarize services before sharing the total.

ients need to be reminded of what care was delivered to create the perception of value. Don’t say every line item or individual fees. 

“Dr [name] gave [pet name] a nose-to-tail exam, vaccines to protect from [list vaccines], an intestinal parasite test, a heartworm/tick test, and refills of 12 doses of flea/tick and heartworm disease preventives. We applied the instant rebate for your preventives, saving you [dollar amount]. You will receive a text reminder each month on the day to give the medication. Your total is [dollar amount]. Which payment method will you use today?” 

The client may have received a dozen professional services along with products. State that rebates were applied so clients understand the benefits of purchasing drugs from your practice. Explain how you will support the client with follow-up dosing reminders. Say the total after summarizing services and products.

Have clients pay after—not before—discharge appointments.

 You risk “all about the money” reactions if you collect payment before discharge appointments. Clients need to hear about services performed, view diagnostic and imaging results, and get at-home care instructions from the medical team before paying. The patient stays in the treatment area during the discharge appointment with a technician. A pet in the exam room will be a distraction, making it harder for the client to comprehend the care delivered and at-home care instructions. When closing the discharge appointment, the technician will say,

“I will go to the treatment area now to get [pet name]. We will meet you at the checkout desk, where you will pay for today’s services. Thanks for the opportunity to care for [pet name].”

When collecting payment for procedures, summarize categories rather than explaining every line on multipage invoices. While the client is in the discharge appointment, a CSR will review the procedure invoice. If unfamiliar with any services, the CSR can ask medical staff before presenting the bill to the client.

“Thanks for the opportunity to treat [pet name's] dental disease and perform oral surgery. [Pet name] had an exam and a preanesthetic test to check the health of organs and to tailor anesthetic protocols. [Pet name] received injections of antibiotics and pain medication. We administered anesthesia and monitored the heart rate, level of oxygen in the blood, and body temperature during the procedure. The technician reviewed dental x-rays and at-home care instructions with you, which were also emailed. [Pet name] had a dental cleaning, polishing, and fluoride treatment. Oral surgery included the removal of 4 teeth. You are going home with pain medication and soft canned food for a comforting recovery. We provided a complimentary pedicure, a value of [dollar amount]. Your total is [dollar amount]. Which payment method will you use today?”

Summarize services in the order that care was delivered, starting with the exam and preanesthetic test and ending with medications that will be given at home. Explain the “why” behind preanesthetic testing: “to check the health of organs and to tailor anesthetic protocols.” Email at-home care instructions to make it easier for clients to forward information to other caregivers. Mention complimentary services such as a nail trim, along with the dollar value of the free service.

 Say, “Your total is [dollar amount]. Which payment method will you use today?” If checking out a new client, share which payment methods you accept: “We accept cash, checks, debit and credit cards, and [third-party provider]. Which payment method do you prefer?”

is simple and genuine. If a future appointment was scheduled during checkout, explain that the appointment reminder will print on today’s receipt, and a text or email confirmation will be sent. Clients will see itemized services and fees on invoices, which builds trust and confidence in your practice.

After collecting payment for a wellness appointment, ask whether the client prefers a printed or emailed receipt. Close with, “Thanks for visiting us today, [client name]. We appreciate the opportunity to care for [pet name]. We have booked [pet name’s] next checkup in 6 months on [date, time]. An appointment reminder is on today’s receipt. We also sent a text confirmation. Please reach out if you have questions before we see you and [pet name] again.” 

Let’s say you’re checking out a procedure and a progress exam was scheduled. After summarizing services and products on the invoice, say, “We wish a successful surgical outcome for [pet name]. We will see your pet for a progress exam to check the incision site on [date, time] and send a text confirmation. If you have questions before then, please contact us. Thank you for the opportunity to care for [pet name], and we will see you soon.”

To give CSRs confidence when presenting surgical and dental invoices, have your manager run a report to identify the top 10 procedures performed at your practice. Print these invoices and have a CSR team meeting to discuss how to present them. A technician or veterinarian can attend the meeting to explain procedures and answer questions. After discussing procedure invoices, have CSRs practice presenting them. Because role-playing can be an intimidating experience, use the term “skill drill.” Have CSRs work in pairs to practice the skill, which will be more comfortable than speaking in front of the entire group.

When CSRs are confident in your fees and the value your hospital provides, clients will feel more comfortable with the cost of care. Pet owners will say, “Wow, is that all?” instead of “Wow, it’s how much?”

Need a script for a client conversation? Submit your scenario to info@csvets.com for consideration in future columns.

Best known as the “Queen of Scripts,” 

,  knows the right words will lead clients to accept your medical advice, driving patient and practice health. As founder of Communication Solutions for Veterinarians, she teaches practical skills through online courses, conferences, and on-site consulting. Myers’ experience as a partner in a specialty and emergency hospital helped her understand issues that owners and managers face. Learn how Myers can train your team at csvetscourses.com.

Arm your team with concise checkout scripts that spotlight service value, ensuring pet owners feel confident in both care and fees.

Showing value for fees during checkout

With school starting back up again soon, there will be classes full of first-year veterinary students ready to begin their careers within the industry. On this week's episode of 

presented by dvm360,  host Adam Christman, DVM, MBA, sat down with Sophia Jodka, a veterinary student at Colorado State University and a member of the dvm360 student ambassador program, to talk about her life as a first year veterinary student and her work with the American Pre-Veterinary Medical Association (APVMA). Throughout the episode, Christman and Jodka emphasize the importance of balancing veterinary medicine and personal interests, her research on West Nile Virus and preventing type 2 diabetes in a teenage girl, and more. 

Below is a partial transcript, edited lightly for clarity

Sophia, you remember when you were in prevet, and I remember too, it gets a little competitive. So what [are] some pieces of advice that you would give to prevet students out there hoping to get involved in veterinary medicine?

: I think competition is definitely one of the biggest things that we face, and it really, really can get pretty cutthroat, and it's not at every school, and it's not at every prevet club, and it's not every prevet student, but there definitely are some people who can take the competition to a really, really high level, and I think that one of the tips is just to be really careful with who you're surrounding yourself with. There are so many incredible and supportive prevet students across the country, and those are really the ones that you want to be allying yourself with as you're going through this process, because it can be so stressful. You want to have good people in your corner. And I also stress just trying things outside veterinary medicine, too, during your prevet years. So like, becoming a group fitness instructor, but even if it's just joining a club that's not preveterinary related, and making sure that you still have those social networks and those connections that are not tied to vet school, I think that can be really helpful. 

And then I always just like to remind students that there really is room for everybody in veterinary medicine. So even if you're standing in a room of 10 different applicants, I can guarantee you that you all want to do something at least a little bit different. So it's not so much of stepping on each other's toes. We're not all competing for the exact same job position. There are so, so many things you can do in this field. You can go into research. You can do small [animal], you can do large [animal]. You can specialize. So even with all the preveterinary students out there, I really, really believe there's room for everyone. So make sure that in your daily activities, you're reaching out to those people and setting a good example of how you want to support your colleagues and future classmates.

Podcasts

Discover insights from first-year veterinary student Sophia Jodka on balancing academics and personal interests during preveterinary and veterinary school.

The power of passion: Shaping a career in veterinary medicine

A real estate group specializing in veterinary spaces transformed a former brewery in Washington into a veterinary hospital for a chain of veterinary care providers. Meanwhile, a membership-based veterinary care company announced it received more than $50 million in funding to continue growing their operations, while in California, an independently and veterinarian-owned urgent care recently opened its doors.

Small Door Veterinary raises $55M in funding

The membership-based veterinary care company Small Door Veterinary recently announced it has raised $55 million in new funding for its next stage of growth. The move comes as the organization achieved several milestones for its development, including the appointment of 

Kristen Lombardi as its first chief operating officer

 and the opening of 2 new Small Door clinics in McLean, Virginia, and 

The funding round includes $35 million in equity financing by Valspring Capital. Existing investors, including Primary Venture Partners, C&S Family Capital, Lerer Hippeau, and Toba Capital, will continue to support. The round also includes a new loan of $20 million from Bridge Bank. According to Small Door, the funds will be used to support new practice openings, technology infrastructure, medical operations, and more.

“Small Door’s model is one of the most compelling we’ve seen in veterinary care,” said Yumin Choi, managing partner at Valspring Capital, in a news release.

 “The team has built a category-defining brand with clinical rigor, hospitality-grade service, and a scalable platform. We’re excited to support them as they bring this experience to more pet families nationwide.”

A former brewery in Tukwila, Washington, was turned into a veterinary space for a BluePearl Pet Hospital that was originally located in the city of Renton. The space was acquired by TerraVet Real Estate Solutions—a real estate group that focuses on veterinary properties— in partnership with BluePearl. The acquisition totaled $4.825 million, with a $1 million contribution in tenant improvements. 

BluePearl has since relocated to the renovated space in Tukwila, which spans 14,825 sq ft, which is more than double the size of BluePearl’s prior location in Renton. The 24/7 emergency veterinary hospital features advanced treatment capabilities and offers more than 20 specialties and services, including dermatology, oncology, ophthalmology, rehabilitation, surgery, hemodialysis, and more. 

"Turning an idle site into a high-functioning veterinary hospital is exactly the kind of outcome we aim for," Daniel Eisenstadt, CEO of Terravet, said in a company release.

 "This project shows how adaptive reuse can meet the needs of veterinary operators and the communities they serve. We've reinforced BluePearl's long-term presence by delivering a property that works for them and increasing access to high-quality pet care in South King County."

Paw Priority Veterinary Urgent Care opens in Los Angeles, California

A new, independently owned veterinary urgent care center called Paw Priority has opened in Los Angeles, California. In addition to offering urgent care, the 3200 sq ft facility also takes house calls and provides acupuncture, wellness exams, vaccinations, and surgery. Moreover, the practice treats a variety of emergencies, including digestive issues, urinary pathology, limping and other injuries, neurologic emergencies and seizures, coughing and sneezing, and more.

According to an email from Paw Priority’s publicist to 

, the veterinary urgent care center aims to offer a calm, upscale alternative to clinics that are corporate-run. “We created a practice that is a lifeline for pets with urgent illness needs, bridging the gap when regular vets are stretched thin and ER waits are too long. It's about providing the right care at the right time," said Ezra Ameis, DVM, owner of Paw Priority.

Small Door Veterinary raises $55 million to scale proven membership-based model. News release. Small Door Veterinary. July 29, 2025.

TerraVet Real Estate Solutions acquires nearly $5 million former brewery for BluePearl Pet Hospital in Seattle Metro. News release. TerraVet Real Estate Solutions. July 22, 2025. Accessed August 6, 2025. 

https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250722645998/en/Terravet-Real-Estate-Solutions-Acquires-Nearly-%245-Million-Former-Brewery-for-BluePearl-Pet-Hospital-in-Seattle-Metro

Advanced care for every paw. Paw Priority Veterinary Urgent Care. Accessed August 6, 2025. https://pawpriority.vet/

The latest updates relating to animal care establishments and platforms.

Clinic center: Brewery is converted into pet hospital, and more

Coccidioidomycosis, also known as valley fever, is caused by the dimorphic 

), which live in the soil in dry and hot environments. In the United States, 

 fungi are most common in the Southwest, specifically in Arizona and Southern California, where it is considered endemic, but also as far north as Washington and as far east as Texas.

 Internationally, it is also seen in Mexico and parts of Central and South America.

Arthroconidia are inhaled from the environment and phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages, where they first develop into a spherule. The spherule then develops hundreds of endospores inside it, which eventually rupture, releasing the endospores. Those endospores cause local pyogranulomatous inflammation and can disseminate via lymphatics to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes and/or hematogenously throughout the rest of the body.

 can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening. Most commonly, dogs experience mild signs such as coughing, lethargy, hyporexia, fever, and weight loss, which can all present acutely or chronically.

 If there is dissemination, clinical signs will vary based on the site, which commonly includes the central nervous system (CNS), bones, eyes, skin, and pericardium. Neurologic signs may include seizures, which are the most common; central vestibular signs; head pressing; and back pain or paresis.

osteomyelitis in the appendicular bones often presents with lameness, pain, or a visible swelling.

 Cardiac/pericardial involvement often leads to right-sided heart failure with ascites and/or pleural effusion.

Coccidioidomycosis can be diagnosed using serology, cytology, histopathology, or fungal cultures. Most commonly, diagnosis is based on antibody serology, consisting of IgM and IgG titers via an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay.

 IgM antibodies are generally detectable within 2 to 5 weeks, and IgG antibodies in 8 to 12 weeks after initial infection.

 There is no documented correlation of initial titers and disease severity; therefore, dogs with low titers can have significant disease, whereas dogs in endemic areas can have positive titers from exposure alone.

 The author generally treats all dogs with positive results and consistent clinical signs, even with low titers, and will treat asymptomatic dogs with positive results if the titer is 1:8 or higher. False negative results may occur in up to 13% of cases.

Over the past few years, a point-of-care lateral flow assay (LFA), Sōna 

 (IMMY), has also become commercially available and subsequently tested in comparison with AGID in canine patients.

 In comparison with AGID, findings from a study showed that the point-of-care LFA had a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 75%.

 This point-of-care test can be helpful in situations where teams may be looking to provide more information quickly, before either same-day additional procedures/testing or euthanasia. As this is a qualitative test and there can be false negative results, it is still recommended that titers be submitted for confirmation and monitoring.

Cytology results from aspirates, fluid, or skin impressions may also show 

 spherules and/or endospores, but this method has a generally low sensitivity, and results can be easy to miss due to low numbers of organisms.

Fungal cultures can also be used, but this method is not commonly performed due to potentially long incubation time and human health hazards to laboratory workers.

Azole antifungal therapy is the mainstay of treatment for valley fever, with fluconazole being the most common due to its lower cost. In clinical practice, fluconazole is generally dosed at close to 10 mg/kg twice daily.

 Fluconazole comes in generic 50-mg, 100-mg, 150-mg, and 200-mg tablets, which can be easily halved to facilitate dosing close to 10 mg/kg, even in small patients. There is also a generic 40-mg/mL solution available.

Itraconazole is preferred over fluconazole in cases with bone or joint involvement due to increased bone penetration

 and is commonly used in cases with disease refractory to fluconazole. The recommended dosing for itraconazole is 5 mg/kg once daily. Itraconazole comes in 100-mg generic capsules as well as human-labeled and veterinary-labeled liquid solutions in a 10-mg/mL concentration. Newer generation azoles such as posaconazole and voriconazole can also be considered in refractory cases.

 Hepatotoxicity can occur in up to 26% of patients on azole antifungal therapy.

It is recommended to avoid compounding these medications. In findings from a 2018 study comparing compounded, generic, and brand-name itraconazole, 95% of animals in the compounded medication group had subtherapeutic itraconazole blood levels.

 Additionally, findings from a 2017 study on compounded fluconazole showed poor accuracy and precision in compounded fluconazole suspension.

Enucleation may be required for dogs with ocular valley fever, and in dogs with valley fever pericarditis, subtotal pericardectomy and epicardial excision may be required.

 Amphotericin B can be considered in patients with severe infection or refractory disease.

Treatment duration can range from 6 months to many years, but in the author’s experience, the average treatment duration is 9 to 12 months. Antibody titers should decrease with successful treatment.

 Treatment is commonly continued until the titer is 1:2 or lower and the initial lesions have resolved.

Titers are commonly checked every 3 to 6 months.

Many clinicians will treat for an additional 3 to 6 months after the first negative or low (1:1 or 1:2) titer, rechecking the titer again before discontinuing treatment. Osteomyelitis and CNS cases often require long-term to potentially lifelong treatment.

A coccidioidomycosis vaccine, which is an attenuated live vaccine using an avirulent strain of 

, is currently in development by Anivive Lifesciences.

 Findings from a 2021 study where research dogs were vaccinated (initial and a booster at day 28) and then subsequently infected with 

 showed that vaccinated dogs had significantly reduced fungal burden and disease scores, with approximately 90% of those dogs having minimal measures of disease.

 Keep an eye out for more information in the future about more studies on a vaccine, FDA approval, and commercial availability.

Although less common than in dogs, likely due to their indoor lifestyle, valley fever can also be seen in cats. Similar to those in dogs, clinical signs are often related to disease localization, which can include respiratory signs, skin lesions, lameness, neurologic signs, and ocular lesions.

Dissemination is common in cats, with findings from one study reporting dissemination in 60% of cats, with the skin being the most common site of dissemination.

 Diagnosis is generally made from antibody serology and/or cytology, similar to dogs.

 Treatment is with azole antifungal therapy, with fluconazole being the first choice of medication at 50 mg twice daily, with alternative azole therapy (itraconazole and posaconazole) or amphotericin B in refractory cases.

Kelley AJ, Stainback LB, Knowles KE, Moore TW, Plummer SB, Shoup OR. Clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging features, treatment, and outcome for presumed intracranial coccidioidomycosis in 45 dogs (2009‐2019). 

. 2021;35(5):2222-2231. doi:10.1111/jvim.16243

Shaver SL, Foy DS, Carter TD. Clinical features, treatment, and outcome of dogs with Coccidioides osteomyelitis. 

. 2021;260(1):63-70. doi:10.2460/javma.20.12.0696

Heinritz CK, Gilson SD, Soderstrom MJ, Robertson TA, Gorman SC, Boston RC. Subtotal pericardectomy and epicardial excision for treatment of coccidioidomycosis-induced effusive-constrictive pericarditis in dogs: seventeen cases (1999-2003). 

. 2005;227(3):435-440. doi:10.2460/javma.2005.227.435

Johnson LR, Herrgesell EJ, Davidson AP, Pappagianis D. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and radiographic findings in dogs with coccidioidomycosis: twenty-four cases (1995-2000). 

. 2003;222(4):461-466. doi:10.2460/javma.2003.222.461

Shubitz LF, Butkiewicz CD, Dial SM, Lindan CP. Incidence of Coccidioides infection among dogs residing in a region in which the organism is endemic

. 2005;226(11):1846-1850. doi:10.2460/javma.2005.226.1846

Gunstra A, Steurer JA, Seibert RL, Dixon BC, Russell DS. Sensitivity of serologic testing for dogs diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis on histology: fifty-two cases (2012-2013). 

. 2019;55(5):238-242. doi:10.5326/jaaha-ms-6772

Schlacks S, Vishkautsan P, Butkiewicz C, Shubitz L. Evaluation of a commercially available, point-of-care Coccidioides antibody lateral flow assay to aid in rapid diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in dogs. 

. 2020;58(3):328-332. doi:10.1093/mmy/myz067

Reagan KL, McHardy I, Thompson GR 3rd, Sykes JE. Clinical performance of a point‐of‐care Coccidioides antibody test in dogs. 

. 2021;35(2):965-969. doi:10.1111/jvim.16087

Carter TD, Fuller BD, Shaver SL, Foy DS. Retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of fluconazole for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis in dogs: forty-nine cases (2015-2020). 

. 2022;260(10):1200-1205. doi:10.2460/javma.22.01.0006

Felton T, Troke PF, Hope WW. Tissue penetration of antifungal agents. 

. 2014;27(1):68-88. doi:10.1128/CMR.00046-13

Shubitz LF, Schlacks S, Vishkautsan P, Butkiewicz CD, Worthing KA. Posaconazole treatment of refractory coccidioidomycosis in dogs. 

. 2021;35(6):2772-2777. doi:10.1111/jvim.16282

Raghu C, Reagh C. Novel treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a dog with voriconazole. 

. 2018;2018:1785748. doi:10.1155/2018/1785748

Mazepa ASW, Trepanier LA, Foy DS. Retrospective comparison of the efficacy of fluconazole or itraconazole for the treatment of systemic blastomycosis in dogs. 

. 2011;25(3):440-445. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0710.x

Renschler J, Albers A, Sinclair-Mackling H, Wheat LJ. Comparison of compounded, generic, and innovator-formulated itraconazole in dogs and cats. 

. 2018;54(4):195-200. doi:10.5326/jaaha-ms-6591

Laporte CM, Cruz-Espindola C, Thungrat K, Schick AE, Lewis TP 2nd, Boothe DM. Quality assessment of fluconazole capsules and oral suspensions compounded by pharmacies located in the United States. 

. 2017;78(4):421-432. doi:10.2460/ajvr.78.4.421

Biologics. Anivive Lifesciences. Accessed June 3, 2025. 

https://www.anivive.com/treatments/biologics

Shubitz LF, Robb EJ, Powell DA, et al. Δcps1 vaccine protects dogs against experimentally induced coccidioidomycosis. 

. 2021;39(47):6894-6901. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.029

Arbona N, Butkiewicz CD, Keyes M, Shubitz LF. Clinical features of cats diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis in Arizona, 2004-2018. 

. 2020;22(2):129-137. doi:10.1177/1098612x19829910

Understanding and managing valley fever in veterinary patients.